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The classical picture of turbulence which has prevailed since the pioneering works by Kolmogorov from the first half of the last century is that turbulent fluid motion is characterized by a cascade of vortices and swirls of different sizes that give rise to a featureless and stochastic fluid motion. Our daily experience shows, however, that turbulent flows in nature and technology are often organized in prominent large-scale and long-living structures that can cause extreme fluctuations. The focus of the present proposal are superstructures, i.e., patterns whose coherence does not stop at the natural scale, such as the boundary layer height, but extends over much larger scales. When present, superstructures dominate the global transport of mass, heat and momentum, they act as barriers to transport, and they increase the variability and fluctuations in the flow.
